The only time I’ve performed what I consider to have been a for-real high-altitude takeoff, it went fine. I was at Albuquerque, N.M.’s Double Eagle II airport, elevation some 5800 feet. It wasn’t the middle of summer, but it was a warm, sunny fall afternoon. I don’t recall which runway I used, but it offered more than enough length for my Debonair, which carried only me, some gear and full fuel. As I’d been trained, I leaned the engine before the takeoff and let the airplane fly itself off the runway. I handled it gently until gaining enough airspeed to establish a proper climb and I had some altitude.
Some years later, one distinctive memory of that takeoff is the time and distance it took to accelerate to liftoff speed. The takeoff roll was both longer in duration and with slower acceleration than I was accustomed. As successful as it was, I came away thinking the only good thing about a high-altitude takeoff is that it put me that much closer to my planned cruising altitude.
It’s easy to be complacent about density altitude, but there are some things we need to keep in mind. One is that a relatively underpowered airplane is going to be even more underpowered. Another is that the performance-enhancing effects of flying in ground effect can lure us into the air prematurely, without the airspeed and excess power necessary to climb cleanly away. Here’s an example of why that’s important
Background
On July 29, 2017, at about 1420 Pacific time, a Cessna 172N Skyhawk was substantially damaged when it collided with mountainous terrain shortly after taking off from Big Bear City Airport (L35), Big Bear, Calif. The commercial pilot and passenger were fatally injured. Visual conditions prevailed.
An airport surveillance camera captured video of the airplane departing Runway 8 normally and beginning to climb. A witness near the departure end of the runway observed that the airplane did not gain altitude as it entered a nose-high attitude he described as “hanging on the prop.” The engine sounded smooth and continuous. As the airplane reached a park adjacent to the departure end of the runway, it turned to the crosswind traffic pattern leg momentarily before turning onto a tight downwind. Both turns appeared coordinated, but the airplane maintained a nose-high pitch attitude. The airplane then sank slowly and the wings began to rock back and forth before it disappeared behind trees.
Another witness observed the airplane flying low toward the south over him. The airplane began a turn to the right, then disappeared over the back side of an adjacent hill. The witness reported the airplane’s engine sounds were steady.
Investigation
The airplane came to rest in a wooded area about 0.5 nm south of L35. The wreckage path began with a 45-foot-tall tree and the left wingtip, and extended some 40 feet. Both wings displayed a series of dents, depressions and “tree impact signatures,” according to the NTSB.
All major aircraft components were present; the fuselage was intact with the exception of the engine, which had separated from the firewall. The throttle was broken and the mixture control knob was in its full-rich position. Both propeller blades exhibited chordwise scratches. One blade displayed forward bending and the other displayed tip curling.
Both wing fuel tanks were breached and had an odor consistent with 100LL avgas. Thumb compression and suction were obtained for all four cylinders. The engine subsequently was disassembled; the cylinder bores, valve heads and piston faces displayed normal operation and combustion signatures. The spark plugs revealed signatures consistent with normal wear and the oil filter did not display any metallic particles. The engine’s single-drive dual magneto generated spark at each of the eight ignition harness leads when it was tested.
The 30-year-old commercial pilot held single- and multi-engine airplane ratings, a helicopter rating and instrument ratings for airplanes and helicopters. He also was a military UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter pilot. He reported 225 total hours of civilian flight experience in April 2017, most of which was in a Diamond DA40. His military flight experience was not disclosed.
Weather observed at L35 around the time of the accident included wind from 090 degrees at seven knots, 10 SM visibility, temperature of 25 degrees C (77°F) and an altimeter setting of 30.33 inches of mercury. An NTSB weather study showed a density altitude of 9139 feet about the time of the accident.
The departure airport is at an elevation of 6752 feet. At the end of each runway are digital signs that show the current density altitude. Density altitude is also announced over the airport’s automatic weather observation system.
Probable Cause
The NTSB determined the probable cause(s) of this accident to include: “The pilot’s exceedance of the airplane’s critical angle of attack during takeoff in high density altitude conditions, which resulted in an aerodynamic stall, loss of control, and subsequent impact with terrain.”
According to the NTSB, the airplane’s performance charts indicated it should have been able to climb at around 440 fpm but the surveillance video showed it was climbing at 340 fpm. The Board added, “It is likely that, experiencing degraded airplane performance due to the density altitude, the pilot responded by increasing the airplane’s pitch attitude in an attempt to improve its rate of climb. The pilot subsequently exceeded the airplane’s critical angle of attack, which resulted in an aerodynamic stall and impact with terrain.”
It’s not known how much influence the pilot’s military helicopter experience played in this accident. On one hand, it could have led to overconfidence. On another, he could have reverted to a procedure that made perfect sense in a UH-60 but was the wrong thing to do in a 172. Although the Skyhawk’s mixture knob was found in the full-rich position, there’s also no way to know where it was during the flight.
I have enough time in Skyhawks to know that 9000 feet can be a good cruising altitude but a lousy one for takeoff or maneuvering. I also know it’s not likely to get that high without leaning the mixture. Regardless, this pilot needed to let his airplane accelerate itself out of ground effect before trying to climb.
Ground Effect
According to the FAA’s Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (FAA-H-8083-25B), “Due to the reduced drag in ground effect, the aircraft may seem capable of takeoff well below the recommended speed. As the aircraft rises out of ground effect with a deficiency of speed, the greater induced drag may result in marginal initial climb performance. In extreme conditions, such as high gross weight, high density altitude, and high temperature, a deficiency of airspeed during takeoff may permit the aircraft to become airborne but be incapable of sustaining flight out of ground effect. In this case, the aircraft may become airborne initially with a deficiency of speed and then settle back to the runway.”
Aircraft Profice: Cessna 172N Skyhawk
Engine: Lycoming O-320-H2AD
Empty Weight: 1430 lbs.
Maximum Gross Takeoff Weight: 2300 lbs.
Typical Cruise Speed: 110 KTAS
Standard Fuel Capacity: 43 gal.
Service Ceiling: 14,200 feet
Range: 440 NM
VS0: 44 KIAS
Jeb Burnside is the editor-in-chief of Aviation Safety magazine. He’s an airline transport pilot who owns a Beechcraft Debonair, plus the expensive half of an Aeronca 7CCM Champ.
This article originally appeared in the July 2019 issue of Aviation Safety magazine.
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Leaning the mixture on 0320 engines before brake release is a must for max pwr.
(My experience for hi DA takeoffs)
If the engine was torn off the airframe, then I would assume (bad word here, I know) that the mixture knob would have been “pulled” by the engine in the most forward position to what seemed full rich.
It doesn’t take high DA’s to get into this kind of trouble; two indelible marks for me.
As a soloed student on a dual flight I remember lifting off C-152 at CDW and suddenly becoming aware that it wasn’t climbing. Other than that it wasn’t climbing or accelerating it looked like a normal takeoff to me, no unusually nose high attitude at all. Running out of runway and rising terrain after that I yelled out that it’s not climbing. “I got it” came the call. Still at full power he immediately pushed the nose down flatter to the runway. In a second or three the A/S started to build and we began to climb as normal. Had a somewhat similar situation happen in an Arrow with 4 aboard. Not having raised the gear yet I found myself exchanging altitude for airspeed until I raised the gear. It was like I was pulling a parachute. Since then I occasionally read a NTSB about an Arrow that had a gear retraction failure while facing rising terrain.
BUT FOR THE GRACE OF GOD………!
When it comes to ground effect, in a high wing aircraft like a Cessna 172, you’re behind the eight ball from the ‘get go’. Even sitting on the ground, you’ve lost 50 percent of the ground effect. Put a mere 5 feet of air beneath your wheels and you’ve lost 80 percent. Basically, most GA aircraft don’t benefit that much from the benefits of ground effect.
My aircraft (RV-7A) is on a par with a 172 because of the short wing (25’); I lose 50 percent of the ground effect before I lift off. If I rise five feet in the air, I, too, lose 80 percent of the benefits.
I think people put a little too much stock in the benefits of ground effect for GA aircraft; to gain access to what little benefit there is requires that the wheels stay a foot or two off the ground while we accelerate. You put 10 feet of air under the wheels of a 172 and you’ve lost 90 percent of the benefit. If I put 10 feet of air under my wheels, I lose about 92 percent of the benefit.
Who benefits the most? Gliders and others with long wings relative to their height sitting on the ground…